According to Theory X, how is an employee viewed by the manager?

The correct choice reflects the fundamental principles of Theory X, which was developed by Douglas McGregor. Theory X posits a rather pessimistic view of employees, suggesting that managers believe employees inherently dislike work and therefore must be closely supervised and controlled to ensure productivity. This perspective highlights a managerial approach that assumes a lack of motivation in employees, leading to the conclusion that they require directive leadership and external control to fulfill their job responsibilities.

In this context, the assertion that employees need to be controlled epitomizes Theory X's underlying assumption that motivation is largely extrinsic; when left to their own devices, employees would be less likely to meet organizational goals. This viewpoint contrasts starkly with the perspectives offered by the other options, which align more closely with Theory Y, where employees are considered self-motivated, seeking fulfillment and responsibility in their work.