Hepatic encephalopathy is primarily caused by which factor?

Hepatic encephalopathy is primarily caused by liver dysfunction. This condition occurs when the liver is unable to adequately filter toxins from the blood due to its impaired function. Normally, the liver processes nitrogenous waste products, converting them into urea that can be safely excreted. When the liver is damaged or diseased—such as in cirrhosis or acute liver failure—these toxins can build up in the bloodstream, affecting brain function and leading to symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy, such as confusion, altered level of consciousness, and changes in behavior.

While excessive alcohol intake can contribute to liver dysfunction and increase the risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy, it is not the sole cause. Food allergies and bacterial infections are not direct causes of hepatic encephalopathy; instead, they may lead to other health issues but do not primarily affect liver function in the context of this specific condition. Thus, liver dysfunction is the most relevant and direct factor leading to hepatic encephalopathy.