The technologies supporting identity management to access computer networks include all of the following except?

The focus of the question is on the technologies specifically supporting identity management for accessing computer networks. Technologies that fall under this umbrella are primarily those that facilitate the verification and authentication of user identities.

Biometrics are physical characteristics such as fingerprints or facial recognition used to uniquely identify individuals, thus directly enabling identity management. Digital certificates also play a crucial role by providing a secure means of establishing the authenticity of a user or device on a network. These certificates use cryptographic protocols to link public keys with identities, further supporting secure access to networks.

Network protocols refer to the rules and conventions for communication between network devices. While they are essential for data transfer and communication within networks, they do not specifically focus on identity management or user authentication.

Audit trails, while valuable for security and compliance by tracking user activities within a system, do not actively manage identities or authenticate users. Instead, they operate as a form of logging that can provide insight into who accessed what and when, without playing a direct role in the procedures for validating identities in the first place. This distinction clarifies why this option does not belong with the other technologies listed that are actively involved in identity management.