Under what condition is an electronic signature considered valid?

An electronic signature is considered valid primarily when the authorized user has access to apply their own electronic signature. This condition ensures that the signature can be uniquely attributed to the individual, affirming their consent or approval of the document or transaction. The ability to use their own signature highlights the importance of personal authentication in validating an electronic signature, as it confirms that the signatory has control over the signature creation process, reducing the risk of unauthorized use.

While the other options present scenarios that might enhance the context around the use of electronic signatures, they do not inherently establish the validity of the signature itself. For instance, training an authorized user ensures they understand how to use the signature but does not make the signature valid on its own. Similarly, the resemblance of an electronic signature to a written one may not necessarily influence its legal standing, especially if the signature's creation process lacks proper authentication. Lastly, institutional directives can guide the use of electronic signatures but are not the sole factor in establishing their validity; such directives would need to be accompanied by mechanisms that ensure that individuals are the ones personally applying their signatures.