What is hypercapnia or hypercarbia?

Hypercapnia, also referred to as hypercarbia, specifically denotes the condition characterized by an excessive level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. This can occur due to various factors, including respiratory disorders that hinder the body’s ability to expel CO2 effectively. Elevated carbon dioxide levels can lead to respiratory acidosis, which can adversely affect bodily functions, particularly those related to the brain and cardiovascular system.

The physiological basis for understanding hypercapnia includes recognizing that carbon dioxide is a byproduct of metabolism and is primarily expelled from the body by exhalation. When there is an imbalance in the exchange of gases—where CO2 production exceeds the body's ability to eliminate it—hypercapnia can develop, often resulting in symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, or even respiratory failure depending on the severity.

This condition is critical to monitor in various clinical settings, especially in patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), where the regular function of gas exchange is compromised. Hence, it is essential to maintain a balanced level of carbon dioxide in the blood for optimal health.