What is it called when individuals are grouped based on characteristics, leading to assumptions?

The concept described in the question, where individuals are grouped based on specific characteristics leading to assumptions about them, is known as stereotyping. Stereotyping involves attributing generalized traits or behaviors to all members of a particular group based on the beliefs or assumptions about that group, rather than on individual characteristics.

In many contexts, this can lead to prejudices and misrepresentations, as it simplifies the complexity of individuals and overlooks their unique qualities. Stereotyping can be based on various attributes such as race, gender, age, or social status, and it can have significant implications in fields like healthcare, where understanding individual differences is crucial for providing appropriate and effective care.

The other choices pertain to different aspects of perception and group dynamics but do not capture the specific phenomenon of forming generalized beliefs about individuals based on group membership.