What role does alpha1-antitrypsin play in lung function?

Alpha1-antitrypsin plays a crucial role in lung function by inhibiting enzymes that can damage lung tissues, particularly neutrophil elastase. This enzyme is released by white blood cells during inflammation and is normally kept in check by alpha1-antitrypsin. When alpha1-antitrypsin levels are adequate, the enzyme's activity is balanced, protecting the elastin in lung tissue from degradation. This protective mechanism is especially important in maintaining the structural integrity of the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. A deficiency in alpha1-antitrypsin can lead to unchecked activity of these damaging enzymes, resulting in conditions such as emphysema and other forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), highlighting the critical role alpha1-antitrypsin plays in lung health.