What strategy involves achieving a cost advantage by reducing the costs of products and services?

The strategy that involves achieving a cost advantage by reducing the costs of products and services is overall cost leadership. This approach focuses on being the low-cost producer in the industry, which allows an organization to offer products or services at a lower price than competitors, potentially gaining a larger market share. By minimizing costs—through efficient operations, economies of scale, and tight cost control—a company can maintain profitability even when prices are forced down due to competition.

Overall cost leadership is a key element in a competitive strategy, as it enhances a company's ability to withstand market fluctuations and competitive pressures. This approach is particularly effective in industries where the primary concern for consumers is price, making it a critical aspect of strategic planning for businesses aiming to succeed in competitive markets.

In contrast, options like focus and differentiation involve strategies that either target a specific market niche or differentiate products based on unique features, rather than prioritizing cost reduction across the board. Competitive rivalry pertains to the interactions and moves of competitors but does not center explicitly on cost advantages. Thus, the most fitting choice for achieving a cost advantage through reduced costs is overall cost leadership.