Which ethical theory emphasizes the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions?

The correct choice focuses on deontology, which is an ethical theory that centers on the idea that the morality of actions is based on whether they adhere to rules or duties. This theory asserts that certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong, regardless of their consequences. It establishes a framework for making ethical decisions based on principles and obligations, rather than outcomes.

For instance, under deontological ethics, telling the truth is viewed as a moral obligation, even if it may lead to negative consequences. This contrasts with other ethical theories which may prioritize the results of actions over the inherent nature of the actions themselves. Deontology provides a clear set of guidelines that emphasize the importance of intent and moral duty in ethical decision-making.

In relation to the other options, beneficence focuses on actions that promote the well-being of others; teleology evaluates the morality of an action based on its outcomes; and virtue ethics emphasizes the character of the moral agent and the importance of developing moral virtues. While all these theories contribute to ethical discussions, deontology is specifically concerned with the inherent morality of the actions themselves.