Which ethical theory focuses on the outcomes of actions to determine right or wrong?

The teleological theory is rooted in the evaluation of the consequences of actions to determine their moral standing as right or wrong. Under this theory, the ends justify the means—the ethicality of an action is largely judged by its outcomes. This perspective emphasizes that a morally sound action is one that results in a favorable balance of good over bad consequences.

For instance, in the context of healthcare, a teleological approach might assess a medical treatment option by considering its potential benefits and harms to patients and healthcare systems. If the outcome promotes overall well-being or happiness, it is typically viewed as the right course of action. This outcome-oriented focus aligns with utilitarianism, a key component of teleological ethical frameworks, where the greatest good for the greatest number is a primary consideration.

In contrast, deontological theory emphasizes adherence to rules or duties rather than the consequences, virtue theory concentrates on the character and virtues of the moral agent, and divine command theory bases morality on divine directives, neither of which prioritize outcomes in the same manner as teleological theory.