Which term describes ensuring that data have been accessed or modified only by those authorized?

The term that best describes ensuring that data have been accessed or modified only by those authorized is data integrity. This concept encompasses the accuracy and consistency of data over its lifecycle, which includes protecting the data from unauthorized access or alterations. Ensuring data integrity means implementing controls and safeguards so that only individuals with the right permissions can manipulate the data, thereby upholding its reliability and security.

In contrast, data granularity refers to the level of detail within the data, which is not directly related to access control. Data quality relates to the overall utility of the data, including its accuracy and completeness, but does not specifically address authorization. Logging functions pertain to tracking access and modifications made to data but do not themselves ensure that only authorized access occurs; they serve more as a monitoring mechanism rather than a preventive one.

Thus, data integrity is fundamentally focused on maintaining authorized access as a key aspect of protecting the data itself.