Which theory derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved?

The correct answer is based on the principles of teleology, which is a philosophical concept that evaluates the morality of actions based on the outcomes they produce. In teleology, the focus is on achieving good or desirable ends; hence, the duties or moral obligations are derived from the results that actions bring about. This means that if an action leads to a positive outcome, it could be considered morally right.

In teleological ethics, often associated with utilitarianism, the ultimate goal is to maximize happiness or reduce suffering. Therefore, the theory emphasizes an action's consequences rather than adherence to rules or duties, allowing for flexibility in moral decision-making based on the context and the desired outcomes.

The other options represent different ethical frameworks. Equity theory deals with fairness in social exchanges, while Kantian ethics emphasizes duties derived from rationality and universal moral laws, where the morality of an action is independent of its results. The theory of justice focuses on fairness and the equitable distribution of resources but does not specifically derive duties from end goals. Thus, the emphasis of teleology on desired outcomes distinguishes it as the correct choice in the context of deriving moral obligations from what is seen as good or desirable.